How to set up a Dental Laboratory Part 2: Traditional Models with a Digital In-House Laboratory

In the COVID-19 era there’s an acceleration of dental laboratory technicians and dentists combining forces to build in-house or in practice laboratories. Dental Consultants have been asked the same questions repeatedly, how do I set up a dental laboratory? What equipment should I buy? Who should I buy the equipment from? Do I need a laboratory technician? 

This is the second part of four articles that will cover this topic. Part 1 was “Modeless In-House Laboratory”, Part 2 is “Traditional Models with a Digital In-House Laboratory”, Part 3 is “Modeless & Models with Digital In-House Laboratory” and the final, Part 4 is “Adding Removables to your In-House Laboratory”   

In this section we will be covering  “Traditional Models with Digital In-House Laboratory” as this is the workflow most dental laboratories have.  Some parts of this article are redundant from the previous article  “Modeless In-House Laboratory” because the equipment is the same. However, there are new sections in this article to adapt to the new workflow topic. The workflow for this setup is as follows:

1. Traditional Impression is taken.
2. Modelwork is fabricated from the impression.
3. The model is scanned in a Desktop Scanner.
4. A Restoration is designed in CAD software from the model that was scanned.
5. The designed restoration is sent from the CAD software to the CAM software for milling.
6. After material is chosen your milling machine will mill your product in sintered or pre-sintered material. 
7. For material does not need to be sintered you can move onto the finishing stage
8. If your material is in pre-sintered form, such as zirconia or E.max, you will need to sinter in a furnace.
9. After sintering then you stain/glaze in a porcelain furnace. Hand finishing is possible but cumbersome. 

The workflow has several different components that need to work together to produce an adequate restoration. After purchasing and installing your equipment your workflow may evolve from the nine steps outlined above. However, the core of the workflow will remain the same.

When looking to purchase your equipment it’s important not get stuck in buying everything from one place because it is convenient at the moment. As some distributors will be able to offer a “One-Stop Shop” for all of your needs. The Jack of all trades is usually the master of none, so buy your technology separately if you need to. It is better to buy your technology from a company that focuses on the system you are buying. Otherwise you could end up with a few paperweights in your laboratory because of lack of education and support the distributor. 

If you are financing you can roll several invoices from different companies into one finance contract. So your payment will be one payment, not several payments to different locations. 

So where do you begin in your set-up? Here are the 10 areas of concern you should address:   

1. What do you want to produce? The type of restorations you want to produce in-house will dictate the type of software and equipment you need. Below is a list of each type of product that can be produced with CAD/CAM and what is needed to produce.  

• Zirconia- Scanner, Design Software, Dry  (5-Axis Suggested for Multi Implant Screw Channels)  Milling Machine, Zirconia Furnace, Porcelain Furnace and Finishing Accessories 
• PMMA (Long-term Provisionals)- Scanner, Design Software, Wet (5-Axis Suggested for Multi Implant Screw Channels) Milling Machine and Finishing Accessories 
• Titanium Abutments- Scanner, Design Software, Wet 4 or 5-Axis Milling Machine and Finishing Accessories 
• Hybrid Abutments (Zirconia Abutment with Titanium Base)- Scanner, Design Software, Dry 5-Axis Milling Machine, Zirconia Furnace, Porcelain Furnace and Finishing Accessories 
• All on X- Scanner, Design Software and 5-Axis Milling Machine
• E.max and Pre-Sintered Blocks- Scanner, Design Software, Wet Milling Machine, Porcelain Furnace and Finishing Accessories 
• Fully Sintered Blocks-  Scanner, Design Software, Wet Milling Machine Finishing Accessories 
• Surgical Guides-  Scanner, Design Software, Wet (5-Axis Suggested for Multi Implant Screw Channels) Milling Machine and or Printer and Finishing Accessories
• Bite Splints- Scanner, Design Software, Wet 5-Axis and or Printer with Finishing Accessories 
• Dentures-  Scanner, Design Software, Wet 5-Axis Milling Machine and or Printer with Finishing Accessories 

2. Should I hire a laboratory technician? Hiring a technician is optimal because they already know what the finished product should look like and the steps needed to achieve it. With this workflow you will need modelwork to scan in your desktop scanner. So a technician is best to fabricate your modelwork because if your modelwork isn’t adequate your restorations will not fit. There are many scanners that offer Impression Scanning, however this is for single to three-unit bridges as larger cases may be difficult to fabricate.  

 A technician is also valuable at the finishing stages of the process. However, if you choose to not hire a technician you can still achieve great results with a dental assistant or dentist doing the whole process. But, you need to understand that there will be a learning curve that you will need to embrace and be comfortable with, patience is the key to success.We have seen many dentists who have been successful without a technician. 

3. What equipment should I purchase to fabricate models in-house? If you are planning on doing modelwork then the proper tools should be purchased at the beginning. There are several different model articulation systems that will reduce your need for some of the following items. If you plan on having a technician please review with him or her prior to purchasing. These items are for a traditional lab set up.  

• Mixing Bowls and Spatulas- This will be necessary to hand mix stone and plaster when articulating. 
• Stone Dispenser- A stone dispenser will pre-measure die stone to manufacture specifications.  
• Vacuum Mixer- The Vacuum Mixer will mix your die stone and reduce the chance of bubbles being present in your modelwork. 
• Vibrator- This is needed during the pouring of the model process. 
• Model Trimmer- A diamond coated model trimmer, wet if possible, will be used to trim your model.  
• Pin Drill- This is needed to pin your models prior to sectioning. 
• Microscope- With digital technology a microscope is needed less when trimming dies. However a microscope is valuable for margin verification.
• Accessories-  Steamer, Stone, saw, super glue, accelerator and disposable or reusable articulators.
• Manufacturers- Whipmix, Renfert and Amann Girrbach have model fabrication equipment that are high quality. 

4. What Desktop Scanner should I purchase? Impression scanning? 

• Is the Scanner open? Can your scanner export an STL file? If yes it is open. Most scanners in the laboratory market are open with few exceptions. Please ask your distributor and verify that the scanner is open prior to purchasing. 
• Are there yearly or monthly fees? Some scanners will charge annual fees for support and updates. This fee is usually for the CAD software and not the scanner itself. There are plenty of scanners available with no fee to operate. 
• Can I scan impressions? Yes you can scan impressions with all of the scanners we suggest. If you scan impressions without pouring a working or contact model consider purchasing a printer as well for contact verification. Margin verification on a printed model is difficult but your fit on single unit to three unit bridges should not be compromised if the impression is accurate. 
• How much should I spend? Expect to spend between $8,000 to $32,000 per scanner. Just like anything else in life, you can go cheaper but you are risking quality, speed and support. You can go above $32,000 but at that point you are overpaying. The low-end of the price range is a scanner only option without the design software. 
• What scanner should I buy? Suggested scanner manufactures are Amann Girrbach, DOF, Medit and 3Shape.  With all of these scanners we have witnessed great success. 

5. Which design software should I choose? The top two design softwares on the market are 3Shape and Exocad. Both softwares are open STL format and can communicate with all milling machines that you should be considering. Exocad has several re-branded versions available and all, except the Zirkonzahn version, are completely open. Furthermore, Exocad now offers a “Flex” license and “Bundle” packages to help reduce the cost of the end user. Both 3Shape and Exocad have annual fees associated with the software, however the Exocad Perpetual option does not require an annual fee for use of the software. Only the Exocad Flex and 3Shape require an annual fee to use the software.

     3Shape and Exocad offer clinical software for the dentists but if you are considering a milling machine in this article the clinical software will not be robust enough for your needs. Either way, 3Shape of Exocad will cost you anywhere from $3,000 to $13,000 depending on the configuration purchased. One of these two softwares should be purchased.

6. What milling machine should I choose? First, lineup your restorations wish-list to the product capability of each machine. Next, the milling machine you choose should be an open system so you can receive files from 3Shape or Exocad. Furthermore the milling machine should be open to receive all materials. For Zirconia, PMMA and Wax this means the milling machine should have a 98mm holder which is standard in the US. Block material from GC, VITA, Ivoclar and others will use a “Universal” or “Cerec” style holder. With these holders you will be able to mill the majority of the products on the market. Also, the milling machine manufacturer should have a track record in the dental laboratory industry, because there are a lot of manufacturers who are new. Below is a list of manufacturers we suggest in order of recommendation:

• Amann Girrbach– Out of all machine manufacturers Amann Girrbach offers the best blend of quality and versatility. The company has a long track record in the industry and the Ceramill Motion 2 is the best machine they offer. This machine can mill Zirconia, PMMA, WAX, E.Max, Ceramic/Composite Blocks, Titanium Abutments and has add-ons for Full Dentures and Partial Denture Frameworks. Single units, same-day delivery and fullarch applications can all be easily handled by the Motion 2. 

      In addition to product versatility the maintenance is minimal and switching between products is a 1-2 minute process. Amann Girrbach also offers the Matik Production Unit for 24 hour production, the Mikro 5X for dry only Zirconia or Wax 5-Axis Production and the Mikro IC 4-axis wet only, single to three-unit milling machine for E.max, Ceramic/Composite Blocks and Titanium Abutment production. Amann Girrbach milling machines are open systems and use their own CAM software. The best advantage with Amann Girrbach is they provide every aspect of the workflow, the CAD, CAM, Mill, Furnace, Finishing, Zirconia, Tools and accessories. So you support contacts will be minimal.    

• VHF– This manufacturer has a long history in the US market for providing serviceable milling machines. In recent years they have made a push into the clinical side of dentistry with the  Z4 and R5 milling machines. The Z4 is a wet only 4-axis single to three unit bridge milling machine for Zirconia, E.max, Ceramic/Composite Blocks, PMMA and Titanium abutments. 

     For wet/dry 5-axis milling VHF’s answer is the R5 which can do single units to full arch.  This machine can mill Zirconia, PMMA, WAX, E.Max, Ceramic/Composite Blocks, Titanium Abutments and has add-ons for Full Dentures and Partial Denture Frameworks. In addition to product versatility the R5 has a 10 Blank disc holder to allow for continuous use. The price for these milling machines are a little higher than Amann Girrbach and there are less of the Z4 and R5 in use in the US. So, they are less tested on the US market. VHF uses its own CAM software and is an open system. 

• Roland– Roland is a great product with a track record for being affordable and great for high production laboratory settings. They are growing in the clinical market and are considered to be the more cost-effective option in comparison to Amann Girrbach or VHF. However, when people purchase Roland for in-house use they usually get both the DWX-52D or DWX-52DCi dry mills with the DWX-42X wet mill. This is to accomplish the same product capabilities of Zirconia, E.max, Ceramic/Composite Blocks and PMMA. 

     The reason why they do this is to save on cost and separate wet and dry milling. But, the combined cost does not save you money so it is more of a perception than a reality. Plus, Roland does not mill Titanium Abutments. Regardless, the Roland brand is considered to be a more dependable brand over other mills in the industry not named in this list. The DWX-52D and DCi require a third-party CAM software and the DWX-42DCi uses Rolands CAM software or a third-party software. 

• What about other milling machines? There are an abundance of milling machines on the market to choose from. However each is a risk in its own right as there are considerable downsides to each. First, there are many large companies that offer milling machines to the masses. The downside of these machines is that as an end-user, “you”, will be subject to the progress of the R & D of the company. So, you will not get to use new products when they come out until the company validates and updates will be years behind the three brands previously mentioned. Be prepared to spend more and receive less. 

     Second, there are some mills that are very high quality but they need a laboratory technician or engineer to operate. Again the machines mentioned above do not require this. Last, there are a lot of cheaper milling machines  from overseas that promise a lot. These mills are a risk because they have not been thoroughly tested in the clinical market, so more than likely you will be left to figure out a lot of problems on your own.

• Installation Requirements-  Most milling machines will require internet, 110v electricity and compressed air. Some milling machines require more than others, however if you are installing into a dental practice it will be the equivalent of one dental chair. So you can use that as a guide but clarify with your distributor before purchasing.  

Here is a guide to help you select what product needs wet milling, dry milling and printing:

7. What sintering furnaces do I need? You will need two types of furnaces in a digital in-house set up. First, you need a Zirconia Sintering Furnace for sintering zirconia. Second you will need a porcelain furnace for E.max processing, Porcelain Sintering and Stain/Glazing. If you do not plan on using E.max then you can get a Zirconia Furnace that has a Stain/Glaze cycle. If you do not plan on using Zirconia then get a porcelain furnace only. Zirconia Furnaces are $8,000 to $20,000 and Porcelain are $3,000 to $8,000. Best is to buy your furnaces from the same distributor you purchase your milling machine from as it will limit your support contacts if something goes wrong. Most Zirconia Furnaces require 220V connection.

8. Should I purchase a printer? Printers are great for cases that need model and contact verification. Also, you can print surgical guides, splints, custom trays, dentures and more with a printer. Why not mill these items? It is more cost effective to print a surgical guide than to mill one. For example, a printed guide cost $2-3 while a milled guide will cost $30-$50 dollars.  

     If you do not purchase at first you can purchase later as it is not a requirement for a laboratory to operate immediately. Nextdent, Sprintray, Asiga and Envisiontec all offer great printing options at an affordable price. The price range is $6,000 to $25,000 depending on the set up and if you purchase a post-curing unit and resin mixer.

9. What should I purchase? Below is a list of smaller items you should purchase for your system.

• Handpieces- This isn’t needed at first but will make your life easier when processing zirconia and polishing. The NSK Z500 Lab Handpiece with power unit is a great option. Another option is Ram handpieces if you want to save a little money. Regardless you will be spending  $250 tp $800.
• Suction & Workstation– Most in-house labs start with zirconia finishing being done on a countertop. However, over time this can be a problem because of the zirconia residue left behind. If you do a few units a day it isn’t a big issue, however anymore you will want to invest in a vacuum and small workstation. This set up should cost you between $800 to $2,500. Can be on a countertop in an operatory up to an actual bench set up.  
• Stain and glaze kits– GC Lustre Paste or MIYO stain and glaze kits will be the best options for you. Both are great and affordable.  
• Brushes- Harvest  and Amann GIrrbach offer great brushes.  
• Polishers- Amann GIrrbach and Wagner  offer great polishing kits. 
• Acrylic Polishing Paste-  Purchase this from the same distributor you purchase your polishers from. 

10. How much should I spend? To get a full system with the products we mentioned you will be spending $55,000 to $150,000 depending on the configuration. It’s simple, the more types of products you want to produce will cost you more. However, expect to spend in $90,000 range for all needed components to produce Zirconia, Wax, PMMA, E.max and Titanium Abutments.    

We have seen many different types of workflows in many types of settings. There have been laboratories set up in garages and living rooms. Whatever your needs are, it can be accomplished. 
Hopefully this has helped you! If you have any questions feel free to reach out to me at jesse@opulentcadcam.com.   Thank you